A History of Youth Justice in New Zealand

Footnotes

1. This research paper was commissioned by the Principal Youth Court Judge Andrew Becroft in January 2003, funded by a research grant by Department for Courts
2. BA (VUW) BMus (1st class Hons) (Canterbury), freelance researcher and writer
3. This was in accordance with the social reforms of the time e.g. the establishment of the child welfare agencies and child labour laws.
4. Freiberg, Fox & Hogan (1988), p.2
5. Juvenile and Family Court Journal (1998), p. i
6. In early stages of New Zealand law-making, legislation generally followed the laws of England. See Seymour (1976), p.5
7. Wittman (1995), p.6
8. For example, the 1933 Children and Young Persons Act (England)
9. Fionda (2001), p.81
10. Above n.9, p. 81
11. Cited in above n.4, p.5
12. Maxwell & Morris (1993), p.167
13. Above n.4, p.59
14. (Kent, Gault, Winship), see above n.4, p.5
15. Legislation in Washington, Delaware and Iowa displayed particular commitment to this model. See above n.12, p.167
16. Above n.7, p.13
17. See above n.12 for a full discussion of these, p.167
18. From Michael Brown, (2000), pp. 1-2, 37-50, and Seymour (1976)
19. Above n.6, p.29
20. Above n.6, p.29
21. Department of Social Welfare (1984), p.1
22. Above n.6, p.55. For a more detailed discussion of the evolution of youth justice legislation the 19th Century in New Zealand, see Seymour (1976)
23. Sir Christopher Parr, Minister of Education, 1925. Cited in above n.6, p.31
24. Cited in Report of the Ministerial Review Team to the Minister of Social Welfare (1992), p.8
25. Cited in Above n.7, p.50
26. Above n.6, p.51
27. Morris & Young (1987), p.35
28. Seymour argues that this was little more than an exercise in name-changing. See above n.6, p.52
29. Above n.21, p.35
30. Above n.7, p.59
31. Cited in above n.24, p.4
32. Above n.27, p.124
33. Above n.27, p.63
34. See above n.27, pp.124-125, n.5, p.61
35. Above n.27, pp.124-125
36. Above n.21, p.37
37. Doolan (1988), p.1
38. Above n.27, p.101
39. New Zealand Law Society (1989), pp.3-4
40. Review of the Children and Young Persons Bill (1987), p.9
41. Lovell & Norris (1992), cited in above n.7, p.82
42. cited in above n.40, p.82
43. The Auckland Committee on Racism and Discrimination (ACORD), cited in above n.7, p.81
44. Duncan & Worrall (2000) cited in Brown (2000), pp.12-13
45. Above n.40, p.5
46. See Doolan (1993), pp.20-21
47. Above n.21, p.1
48. Above n.40, p.35
49. Above n.7, p.114
50. Above n.21, p.41
51. Above n. 27, p.135
52. Above n.7, p.118
53. Above n.37, p.5
54. Care and protection issues in the Bill had met with strong opposition, especially following concerns over child abuse, the quality of care in Department of Social Welfare homes. Issues of cultural appropriateness and the proposed powers and composition of Child Protection Teams were creating hostility. See above n.7, p.114
55. Renouf (1987), letter of introduction, above n.40
56. Above n.40, p. 6
57. Above n.55
58. Cited in above n.7, p.144
59. Above n.37, p.6
60. Above n.37, p.13
61. Above n.37, pp.18-19
62. Above n.37, p.11
63. McElrea (1993), p.5
64. Above n.7, p.169
65. Morris and Maxwell (1990). Juvenile Justice in New Zealand: A New Paradigm, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
66. From above n.12, p.1-2
67. Above n.12, p.2
68. See n.31
69. Mike Doolan (2003), private correspondence
70. Wundersitz (2000) p.110
71. Above n.63, p.13

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