INZ (Calder) v Tian [2019] NZIACDT 58 (27 August 2019) Sanctions [pdf, 204 KB]
...providing for the regulation of persons who give immigration advice. [45] The focus of professional disciplinary proceedings is not punishment, but the protection of the public:5 …It is well established that professional disciplinary proceedings are civil and not criminal in nature. That is because the purpose of statutory disciplinary proceedings for various occupations is not to punish the practitioner for misbehaviour, although it may have that effect, but to ensure that appropr...