ENVC Hearing 6Oct14 TGKL expert Charles Waters [pdf, 95 KB]
...the following matters: a) Benefits of Anti-foulants; b) Negative Effects of Anti-foulants; c) Cumulative Effects; d) Assessment of the NIWA and Poynter reports; e) Conclusions. Benefits of Anti-foulants 7. The economic and environmental benefits of anti-fouling biocides are compelling. Power and fuel consumption for propelling ships with a mere slime film imparts a 21% powering penalty from frictional drag, which increases to 86% in cases of heavy calcareous bio...