Identifying & responding to bias in the criminal justice system: a review of international & New Zealand research [pdf, 1.3 MB]
...arrested … it is, in effect, operating in a way which is institutionally racist. However, Jackson also acknowledged that institutional racism could occur either “deliberately or unwittingly” (Jackson 1988, p113). Despite its broad international appeal, the practical and analytical value of the term „institutional racism‟ has been questioned by some academics (Pearson 1990 cited in 28 Identifying and responding to bias in the criminal justice system Spoonley 1995, p22...